Introduction

A recent WhatsApp group discussion among concerned Zambians has raised fundamental questions about the nation’s economic sovereignty. Participants lament that foreign companies dominate the mining sector, state resources are being “given away” through controversial privatization deals, and that political leaders—past and present—have failed to safeguard national interests. This article investigates the credibility of these claims, explores why Zambia’s economy appears to be on the back foot despite its resource wealth, and outlines actionable recommendations for citizens and future leadership.

A Legacy of Resource Nationalism and Privatization

Historical Context

Zambia’s wealth has long been tied to its copper mines. After independence in 1964, leaders like Kenneth Kaunda pursued nationalization policies to wrest control from foreign companies. However, over time, mismanagement and declining copper prices led to the privatization of state assets in the 1990s and early 2000s. Research on Zambia’s resource nationalism cycle shows that while nationalization aimed to keep profits at home, successive governments have later negotiated deals—often under pressure from international institutions—that effectively handed over significant economic rents to foreign investors (Ng’ambi, 2010; turn0search28​

scholarship.law.cornell.edu).

Foreign Ownership and Its Economic Implications

Critics in the WhatsApp discussion assert that up to 90% of economic activities are driven by foreign companies that repatriate profits rather than reinvesting locally. Indeed, news reports have highlighted that in key mining deals—such as those involving First Quantum Minerals and Barrick Gold—the Zambian government’s stake has often been minimal (for example, only 20% in some cases), which means that a large share of profits leaves the country (Reuters, turn0search3​

reuters.com). While these partnerships have brought foreign capital and technical expertise, many Zambians believe that the terms are skewed against national development.

Leadership Failures and Policy Shortcomings

Corruption, Transparency, and Controversial Deals

The discussion also touches on how state institutions, including ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc (ZCCM-IH), have been involved in deals that many consider unfavorable. For example, converting equity shares in mines to royalty agreements has been criticized as a “back-door privatization” that reduces national control and long‑term revenue (Lusaka Times analysis, turn0search2​

lusakatimes.com). Moreover, recurring issues like load shedding, currency depreciation, and ineffective policy implementation compound public discontent.

The Cost of Complacency and Poor Governance

Several contributors point out that even educated citizens have become complacent, preferring short‑term comforts over long‑term national interests. Historically, Zambia’s leadership—from Kaunda to later administrations—has often prioritized political expediency or immediate revenue over strategic investment in national capacity. Academic and journalistic investigations indicate that opaque negotiations and political interference have sometimes led to deals that do not maximize national benefits (Reuters and Africa Report, turn0search3​

reuters.com; turn0search2​

lusakatimes.com).

Toward a Self‑Reliant Future

Revamping Economic Policy and State Participation

Many in the group argued that instead of handing over assets entirely to foreign entities, Zambia could adopt models like leasing or public–private partnerships (PPPs) to retain ownership. For instance, some commentators have suggested that management buyouts—as seen with UBZ—could enable local ownership while still accessing the capital and expertise of private investors. Such models have been discussed by policy analysts as ways to “flip” the current paradigm of outright privatization (turn0search28​

scholarship.law.cornell.edu).

Empowering Citizens and Reforming Education

A recurring theme in the discussion is the need for a shift in mindset among Zambians. Participants argue that without a strong sense of patriotism and a critical approach to economic and political issues, citizens will continue to allow short‑term deals to undermine national prosperity. Empowering youth with skills in critical thinking, entrepreneurship, and civic education is essential. Teaching children not just to memorize but to question and innovate could lay the groundwork for a new breed of leaders capable of protecting national assets and demanding accountability from government officials.

Practical Recommendations

Based on the evidence and the public sentiment expressed, several steps can be recommended:

1. Increase Transparency in Mining Deals:
   – Strengthen regulatory frameworks so that all mining agreements and privatization deals are subject to public scrutiny and parliamentary debate (Lusaka Times, turn0search2​lusakatimes.com).
2. Promote Local Participation:
   – Revise policies to favor models like PPPs or management buyouts rather than full privatization. This would allow citizens to retain a stake in national assets and benefit from rising commodity prices.
3. Enhance Education and Civic Engagement:
   – Reform the education system to emphasize critical thinking, practical skills, and civic education. A well-informed citizenry is key to demanding accountability from leaders.
4. Foster a Culture of Accountability:
   – Encourage grassroots movements and independent media to monitor government performance in sectors like mining and manufacturing. Greater accountability can force leaders to prioritize long-term national interest over short-term political gains.

Conclusion

The claims expressed in the WhatsApp discussion are not without merit. Historical patterns of resource nationalism, controversial privatization deals, and ongoing challenges in governance have contributed to a situation where Zambia’s vast mineral wealth does not fully benefit its people. The way forward requires a multi‑pronged approach: robust policy reforms, increased transparency, and most importantly, a citizenry that is educated, engaged, and unafraid to demand change.

By rethinking economic policies, retaining a greater share of national assets, and investing in human capital, Zambia can set itself on a path toward true self‑reliance and sustainable development. 

Read more on this topic in our Zambian Politics section